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Issues are current problems requiring action now. A blocking outage impacting today’s testing is a realized condition needing immediate resolution and escalation tracking; it should be recorded in the issue log with owner, priority, impact, and target resolution. The risk register tracks uncertain events—threats or opportunities—with probabilities, impacts, triggers, and planned responses. The supplier “might miss” (Option A) and design “may increase rework” (Option D) are uncertain and belong in the risk register. The new regulation “could affect” (Option B) is also a risk until it materializes. CAPM fundamentals stress keeping the risk and issue repositories distinct to preserve clarity in governance: issues drive corrective actions and often change requests; risks drive preventive or contingent actions. When a risk occurs, it transitions to an issue; the linkage should be maintained to evaluate response effectiveness. Regular reviews ensure ownership, enable trend analysis, and support transparent performance reporting to stakeholders and the Change Control Board where necessary.