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Vital capacity (VC) is the total volume expelled after a maximal inspiration, comprising tidal volume (TV) + inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) + expiratory reserve volume (ERV). It reflects the functional reserve available for gas exchange during forced breathing and is routinely measured via spirometry. Tidal volume (A) is the small amount of air inhaled/exhaled in a normal breath (~500 mL in adults). Inspiratory reserve (B) is the additional volume that can be inhaled beyond a normal inspiration. Residual volume (D) is the air that remains in the lungs after maximal exhalation and cannot be voluntarily expelled; it prevents alveolar collapse and maintains continuous gas exchange. TEAS respiratory items commonly ask you to match terms with definitions or formulas: VC = IRV + TV + ERV; Total lung capacity (TLC) = VC + RV. Knowing which components are measurable directly via spirometry (TV, IRV, ERV, VC) vs. those requiring indirect methods (RV, TLC) helps eliminate distractors.