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Backlog refinement (a.k.a. grooming) is a continuous, collaborative activity where the Product Owner and Developers discuss upcoming items, clarify acceptance criteria, split epics into smaller stories, assess dependencies, and estimate effort (often with relative sizing). It improves readiness for Sprint Planning and stabilizes forecasting by reducing uncertainty. It is not a formal Scrum event with a fixed timebox (Option A), though teams often allocate a reasonable portion of capacity (e.g., up to ~10%) to refinement. Option C reframes refinement as management approval, which conflicts with agile empowerment and value-driven ordering. Option D misassigns ownership; while the Product Owner is accountable for ordering and ensuring value, the Developers estimate and advise on feasibility and risks. CAPM’s agile content highlights that effective refinement increases flow predictability, reduces mid-sprint churn, and aligns stakeholders on “Definition of Ready” expectations. Good practices include using examples, DoR checklists, and slicing techniques (e.g., vertical thin slices) to ensure items are implementable within a sprint and meet the team’s Definition of Done when completed.