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“Recalcitrant” signals stubborn resistance to authority, control, or guidance. In regulatory contexts—like enforcing municipal rules—calling a party “recalcitrant” implies active noncompliance. Thus “Resistant” (B) captures the essence. “Compliant” (A) is the antonym and would undermine the stated enforcement struggle. “Disorganized” (C) concerns structure or planning, not willful refusal; a group can be highly organized yet defiant. “Naive” (D) indicates inexperience rather than obstinacy. On Nelson–Denny items, pragmatic cues in the sentence frame the semantic choice: “struggled to enforce” primes a term that explains enforcement difficulty (defiance). Build clusters: recalcitrant, intransigent, obdurate, contumacious ↔ compliant, amenable, acquiescent. Note morphology: the “re-” here does not mean “again”; do not over-infer from affixes when context is clear. A substitution check—“against a resistant group of haulers”—preserves the governance frame and explains why policy tools (fines, permits) were necessary, confirming the correct option under timed conditions.