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With 12.6 V available at the main terminal and only ~4.8 V reaching the solenoid S-terminal during a start request, the control circuit is suffering a voltage drop. The solenoid typically requires near battery voltage to pull in. Causes include corroded connectors, undersized or damaged wiring, a failing relay, or a worn ignition switch. An open motor winding (A) would not explain the low S-terminal voltage—it would present after the solenoid is fully energized. A bad ground strap (C) can cause slow crank or high drop during load, but we are not even energizing the solenoid fully here. A seized engine (D) would cause a solid clunk or severe drop at the main feed when the solenoid engages; here, the solenoid never receives adequate voltage. ASE T6 objectives emphasize using voltage drop tests (meter on the circuit while commanded) and comparing source versus load-side readings to isolate high resistance. The next step is to perform a voltage drop test across the relay, switch, harness, and any immobilizer interlocks to locate the restriction.