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Federalism refers to the division of power between national and state governments. The Tenth Amendment explicitly states that powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited to the states, are reserved to the states or to the people. On HiSET Social Studies, distinguishing among core principles is essential. Option A, judicial review, is the power of courts to assess the constitutionality of laws and executive actions (established in Marbury v. Madison), not a division of powers. Option C, separation of powers, divides authority among legislative, executive, and judicial branches within the federal government. Option D, popular sovereignty, asserts that ultimate authority derives from the people. While related concepts interlock to structure governance, the specific reservation of undelegated powers is a hallmark of federalism, affecting policy areas such as education and policing that states often administer. Hence, B is correct.